Bare Acts India — 20 Statutes Annotated
Constitutional · Criminal · Banking · Civil · Property Law
Each act is presented with its original legal text alongside a plain-English explanation — so both lawyers and first-time readers can understand the law. Expert annotations by Advocate Subodh Bajpai highlight the sections most relevant to debt recovery, banking fraud, and commercial litigation.
The Constitution of India
Supreme law of India. Key articles: 14 (equality), 21 (life & liberty), 226 (HC writs), 300-A (right to property) — foundational to all debt recovery challenges.
Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
Replaces IPC 1860 from 1 July 2024. Covers CBT (S.316), cheating (S.318/320), fraudulent transfer (S.336), forgery (S.338/340) — all central to banking fraud.
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023
Replaces CrPC 1973 from 1 July 2024. Covers document production (S.94), compensation (S.397), inherent HC powers (S.528) — essential for NI Act proceedings.
Indian Penal Code, 1860
Replaced by BNS 2023. Governs all cases filed before 1 July 2024. S.420 (cheating), S.405/406 (CBT), S.467 (forgery) — active in thousands of pending fraud trials.
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
Replaced by BNSS 2023. Governs all cases filed before 1 July 2024. S.482 (inherent powers), S.438 (anticipatory bail), S.357 (compensation) — still heavily litigated.
SARFAESI Act, 2002
Securitisation and enforcement of security interest without court intervention. S.13 (enforcement), S.14 (CMM/DM possession), S.17 (DRT challenge) — the most powerful creditor-side debt recovery statute.
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
Governs cheques, bills of exchange, and promissory notes. S.138 cheque dishonour offence (40L+ pending cases), S.139 statutory presumption, S.143A interim compensation — essential for banking recovery.
Indian Contract Act, 1872
Foundation of all commercial obligations. Contract of guarantee (S.126-147), indemnity (S.124-125), bailment (S.148), agency (S.182-238) — governs every banking security document.
Companies Act, 2013
Governs incorporation, management, and winding up of companies. Director liability, oppression & mismanagement, NCLT jurisdiction — foundational for banking fraud and corporate debt recovery.
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016
CIRP initiated by financial creditors (S.7) or operational creditors (S.9). Section 14 moratorium, Committee of Creditors, resolution plan (S.31), Section 53 liquidation waterfall — transformative for NPA resolution.
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
Governs all civil suits and execution of decrees. Order 37 (summary suits for NI Act), Order 38 (attachment before judgment), Order 39 (injunctions), S.60 (attachable property) — essential for money recovery.
Consumer Protection Act, 2019
Three-tier consumer forum (District up to ₹50L, State ₹50L–₹2Cr, National above ₹2Cr). Banking "deficiency of service" complaints under S.2(11) — intersects with SARFAESI and DRT proceedings.
Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016
Regulates real estate projects and protects allottee rights. RERA Authority, project registration (S.3), promoter obligations, homebuyer rights — intersects with IBC in real estate NPA matters.
Transfer of Property Act, 1882
Foundational mortgage law: six types of mortgage (S.58), right to redeem (S.60), suit for sale (S.67), fraudulent transfer (S.53), actionable claim assignment (S.130) — TPA governs every secured banking transaction.
Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
S.8 (court referral), S.34 (narrow grounds to challenge award), S.36 (no automatic stay on filing S.34 — 2015 Amendment), S.29A (12-month timeline), S.29B (fast-track). DRT proceedings are not arbitrable.
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023
Replaces Indian Evidence Act from 1 July 2024. S.63 (electronic records certificate — mandatory per Arjun Panditrao Khotkar), S.130 (banker's books), S.118 (estoppel), S.94 (parol evidence rule).
Information Technology Act, 2000
S.10A (digital contracts valid), S.43 (cyber fraud compensation), S.43A (data breach liability), S.66C (identity theft), S.85 (officer liability) — governs digital lending, cyber fraud, and electronic banking.
Right to Information Act, 2005
RTI against public sector banks for NPA details, SARFAESI notices, valuation reports, OTS policy (S.6 — no reasons required, S.7 — 30-day deadline, S.8 exemptions, CIC second appeal). RBI v. Jayantilal Mistry (2015).
Limitation Act, 1963
3-year limitation for money suits, 12 years for mortgage suits. S.5 (condonation of delay), S.18 (acknowledgement extends limitation), S.19 (part payment) — a common defence and shield in DRT cases.
Specific Relief Act, 1963
Specific performance of contracts, permanent injunctions (S.38), declaratory decrees (S.34), mandatory injunctions — tools for restraining SARFAESI enforcement and property transaction disputes.
Legal Dictionary & Glossary
40+ legal terms explained in plain English — from NPA and CIRP to Garnishee Orders and Subrogation. A-Z browse, category filter, and full-text search.
Browse GlossaryBNS vs IPC — Section Mapping
Every IPC and BNS section page shows the corresponding new/old section number. Navigate directly from “IPC S.420” to “BNS S.320” with one click.
Core Banking Recovery Statutes
SARFAESI Act, RDDB Act, IBC, and NI Act — detailed practice guides for banks and creditors, annotated by Advocate Subodh Bajpai.
View Legal ResourcesNeed Legal Advice on a Specific Provision?
These annotations are for educational reference. For specific advice on how a statute applies to your debt recovery matter, consult Advocate Subodh Bajpai directly.