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Each act is presented with its original legal text alongside a plain-English explanation — so both lawyers and first-time readers can understand the law. Annotations by our Senior Partner, Advocate Subodh Bajpai (LLM, MBA XLRI), and the firm's team highlight the sections most relevant to debt recovery, banking fraud, and commercial litigation.
Supreme law of India. Key articles: 14 (equality), 21 (life & liberty), 226 (HC writs), 300-A (right to property) — foundational to all debt recovery challenges.
Replaces IPC 1860 from 1 July 2024. Covers CBT (S.316), cheating (S.318/320), fraudulent transfer (S.336), forgery (S.338/340) — all central to banking fraud.
Replaces CrPC 1973 from 1 July 2024. Covers document production (S.94), compensation (S.397), inherent HC powers (S.528) — essential for NI Act proceedings.
Replaced by BNS 2023. Governs all cases filed before 1 July 2024. S.420 (cheating), S.405/406 (CBT), S.467 (forgery) — active in thousands of pending fraud trials.
Replaced by BNSS 2023. Governs all cases filed before 1 July 2024. S.482 (inherent powers), S.438 (anticipatory bail), S.357 (compensation) — still heavily litigated.
Securitisation and enforcement of security interest without court intervention. S.13 (enforcement), S.14 (CMM/DM possession), S.17 (DRT challenge) — the most powerful creditor-side debt recovery statute.
Governs cheques, bills of exchange, and promissory notes. S.138 cheque dishonour offence (40L+ pending cases), S.139 statutory presumption, S.143A interim compensation — essential for banking recovery.
Foundation of all commercial obligations. Contract of guarantee (S.126-147), indemnity (S.124-125), bailment (S.148), agency (S.182-238) — governs every banking security document.
Governs incorporation, management, and winding up of companies. Director liability, oppression & mismanagement, NCLT jurisdiction — foundational for banking fraud and corporate debt recovery.
CIRP initiated by financial creditors (S.7) or operational creditors (S.9). Section 14 moratorium, Committee of Creditors, resolution plan (S.31), Section 53 liquidation waterfall — transformative for NPA resolution.
Governs all civil suits and execution of decrees. Order 37 (summary suits for NI Act), Order 38 (attachment before judgment), Order 39 (injunctions), S.60 (attachable property) — essential for money recovery.
Three-tier consumer forum (District up to ₹50L, State ₹50L–₹2Cr, National above ₹2Cr). Banking "deficiency of service" complaints under S.2(11) — intersects with SARFAESI and DRT proceedings.
Regulates real estate projects and protects allottee rights. RERA Authority, project registration (S.3), promoter obligations, homebuyer rights — intersects with IBC in real estate NPA matters.
Foundational mortgage law: six types of mortgage (S.58), right to redeem (S.60), suit for sale (S.67), fraudulent transfer (S.53), actionable claim assignment (S.130) — TPA governs every secured banking transaction.
S.8 (court referral), S.34 (narrow grounds to challenge award), S.36 (no automatic stay on filing S.34 — 2015 Amendment), S.29A (12-month timeline), S.29B (fast-track). DRT proceedings are not arbitrable.
Replaces Indian Evidence Act from 1 July 2024. S.63 (electronic records certificate — mandatory per Arjun Panditrao Khotkar), S.130 (banker's books), S.118 (estoppel), S.94 (parol evidence rule).
S.10A (digital contracts valid), S.43 (cyber fraud compensation), S.43A (data breach liability), S.66C (identity theft), S.85 (officer liability) — governs digital lending, cyber fraud, and electronic banking.
RTI against public sector banks for NPA details, SARFAESI notices, valuation reports, OTS policy (S.6 — no reasons required, S.7 — 30-day deadline, S.8 exemptions, CIC second appeal). RBI v. Jayantilal Mistry (2015).
3-year limitation for money suits, 12 years for mortgage suits. S.5 (condonation of delay), S.18 (acknowledgement extends limitation), S.19 (part payment) — a common defence and shield in DRT cases.
Specific performance of contracts, permanent injunctions (S.38), declaratory decrees (S.34), mandatory injunctions — tools for restraining SARFAESI enforcement and property transaction disputes.
40+ legal terms explained in plain English — from NPA and CIRP to Garnishee Orders and Subrogation. A-Z browse, category filter, and full-text search.
Browse GlossarySide-by-side, section-by-section guides to the 1 July 2024 criminal-code reset and key provision changes — old section to new section, with what changed and transitional rules.
SARFAESI Act, RDDB Act, IBC, and NI Act — detailed practice guides for banks and creditors, annotated by our partner-led team.
View Legal ResourcesThese annotations are for educational reference. For specific advice on how a statute applies to your debt recovery matter, consult our team.